Neurology
Stroke
- Impaired blood supply to brain cells either by obstruction in blood flow or by rupture of blood vessels
- Hemi paralysis and sensory loss respect to the location of injury
- Impaired muscle tone
- Present speech and language disorders
- Perceptual and cognitive disorders
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Altered emotional status
- Bladder and bowel dysfunction
Treatment
- Electrotherapy
- Electrical muscle stimulation
- Dry needling
Therapeutic Exercise
- Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
- Functional reeducation
- Proprioception training
- Brunnstrom approach
- Roods approach
- Vestibular training
- Gait training
- Balance training
- Coordination training
- Taping
- Aerobic exercises
- ADL training
Manual
- Manual therapy
- Breaking synergy patterns
- Weight transmission through affected side
Parkinson’s disease
- Progressive disease of the central nervous system
- Disturbances in dopamine system of basal ganglia
- More Commonly seen in older population
- Rigid joints, slow movements, tremors
- Postural instability presents in later stages
- Sensory, sleep, mood disorders
- Cognitive impairment
- Difficulties in speaking, swallowing
- Increased no. of steps per minute
- Pill rolling movement of hands
- Masked or expressionless face
- Phantom pillow posture
Treatment
- Post isomatric relaxation
- Reciprocal inhibition
- Aerobic exercises
- Balance training
- Coordination training
- Gait training
- ADL training
- Cycling
- Functional reeducation
Traumatic brain injury
- Injury to brain parenchyma due to trauma
- Appearance of premature reflexes during recovery period
- Motor, sensory cognitive behavioral problems
- Speech problems
- Memmory problems
- Muscle tone defects
Therapeutic Exercise
- Muscle tone correction
- Brunnstrom approach
- Roods approach
- Vestibular training
- Balance -coordination training
- Gait training
- PNF technique
- Proprioception training
- Aerobic exercise
- Taping
- Static cycling
- ADL training
Traumatic spinal cord injury
- Injury to the spinal cord from foramen magnum to cauda equina
- Quadriplegia occures in cervical level lesions
- Paraplegia for lumbar level lesions
- Bowel and bladder problems
- Motor and sensory loss below the level of lesion
- Muscle tone changes
Therapeutic Exercise
- Strengthening of preserved muscles for the use of assistive aids
- Functional mobility and bed mobility training with use of available muscles
- Sensory reeducation in incomplete cut injuries
- Flexibility exercises
- Gait training using assistive aids